Women earn 20% less than men –ILO report

The new International Labour Organisation (ILO) Global Wage Report 2018/2019 has revealed that Women the world over continue to be paid approximately 20 per cent less than men.

The report calculates gender pay gaps in innovative and more accurate ways, using data covering some 70 countries and about 80 per cent of wage employees worldwide.

It says the growth of global wage has been weak while the gender pay gap put at about 20 per cent globally is regarded as being unacceptably high.

Reacting to the development, the ILO Director General, Guy Ryder, said, “the gender pay gap represents one of today’s greatest manifestations of social injustice and all countries should try to better understand what lies behind them and accelerate progress towards gender equality.”

The report finds that in high-income countries it is at the high end of the pay scale that the gender pay gap is wider, while in low- and middle-income countries the gender pay gap is wider among the lower paid workers.

Using empirical evidence, the report also shows that traditional explanations, such as differences in the levels of education between men and women who work in paid employment play a limited role in explaining gender pay gaps.

One of the authors of the report, Rosalia Vazquez-Alvarez, an econometrician and wage specialist at ILO said, “in many countries, women are more highly educated than men but earn lower wages, even when they work in the same occupational categories.

“The wages of both men and women also tend to be lower in enterprises and occupations with a predominantly female workforce. To reduce gender pay gaps, more emphasis needs to be placed on ensuring equal pay for women and men, and on addressing the undervaluation of women’s work.”

The report shows that mothers tend to have lower wages compared to non-mothers. This may be related to a host of factors, including labour market interruptions, reductions in working time, employment in more family-friendly jobs with lower wages, or stereotypical promotion decisions at enterprise level.

According to the report, a more equitable sharing of family duties between men and women would in many instances lead to women making different occupational choices.

Evidence shows that before women reach motherhood, there is already a pay gap, suggesting a need to combat stereotypes and discrimination at the point of entry into the labour market. The report says “global wage growth in 2017 fell to its lowest rate since 2008, far below levels before the global financial crisis”.

According to the new ILO report, findings based on data from 136 countries find that in real terms (adjusted for price inflation) global wage growth declined to 1.8 per cent in 2017 from 2.4 per cent in 2016.

In its analyses of wage growth, the report uncovers that in advanced G20 countries real wage growth declined from 0.9 per cent in 2016 to 0.4 per cent in 2017.

However, by contrast, in emerging and developing G20 countries, real wage growth fluctuated between 4.9 per cent in 2016 and 4.3 per cent in 2017.

ILO Director-General, Guy Ryder said “It’s puzzling that in high-income economies we see slow wage growth alongside a recovery in GDP growth and falling unemployment. And early indications suggest that slow wage growth continues in 2018.

“Such stagnating wages are an obstacle to economic growth and rising living standards. Countries should explore, with their social partners, ways to achieve socially and economically sustainable wage growth.”

The report shows that in the last 20 years, average real wages have almost tripled in emerging and developing G20 countries, while in advanced G20 countries they have increased by just 9 per cent, the report shows.

However, in many low-and middle-income economies, wage inequality remains high and wages are frequently insufficient to cover the needs of workers and their families.